Handbook on Effective Police Responses to Violence against Women by 
Handbook on Police Accountability, Oversight and Integrity by 
The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing by
The police are perhaps the most visible representation of government. They are charged with what has been characterized as an'impossible'mandate -- control and prevent crime, keep the peace, provide public services -- and do so within the constraints of democratic principles. The police are trusted to use deadly force when it is called for and are allowed access to our homes in cases of emergency. In fact, police departments are one of the few government agencies that can be mobilized by a simple phone call, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. They are ubiquitous within our society, but their actions are often not well understood. The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing brings together research on the development and operation of policing in the United States and elsewhere. Accomplished policing researchers Michael D. Reisig and Robert J. Kane have assembled a cast of renowned scholars to provide an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the institution of policing. The different sections of the Handbook explore policing contexts, strategies, authority, and issues relating to race and ethnicity. The Handbook also includes reviews of the research methodologies used by policing scholars and considerations of the factors that will ultimately shape the future of policing, thus providing persuasive insights into why and how policing has developed, what it is today, and what to expect in the future. Aimed at a wide audience of scholars and students in criminology and criminal justice, as well as police professionals, the Handbook serves as the definitive resource for information on this important institution.
Police and Law Enforcement by
From its beginnings in England as a constabulary, intended only to keep the peace rather than to make arrests, policing has had a tumultuous, controversial history. The police represent an essential law enforcement entity to some, while others see police officers as often corrupt, prone to unfair racial profiling, and quick to use unnecessary force. Police and Law Enforcement examines many aspects of policing in society, including their common duties, legal regulations on those duties, problematic policing practices, and alternatives to traditional policing. Topics in this volume include such hotly debated topics as accountability, arrest practices, bounty hunters, entrapment, Miranda warnings, police privatization, profiling, vigilantes, and zero-tolerance policing. The 20 chapters present the most hotly contested debates and offer solutions to potential and perceived problems.
The Crime Scene by
The Crime Scene: A Visual Guide provides visual instruction on the correct way to process a crime scene. While the primary crime scene comprises the area from which most of the physical evidence is retrieved by crime scene investigators (CSIs), forensic scientists, or law enforcement personnel, this book also covers secondary and often tertiary crime scenes, all locations where there is the potential for the recovery of evidence. By using photographs and other diagrams to show proper and improper procedures, the reader will learn how to identify the correct principles required to process a scene. The book presents chapters on the investigation, the varying types of documentation, and the tactics used to connect events through crime scene reconstruction using evidence The book's authors have a combined experience of over 70 years in crime scene investigation as primary responders and consultants giving testimony in all levels of the U.S. court system. In addition, both teach forensic science and crime scene investigation at the university level. Coverage of techniques, documentation and reconstruction at a crime scene Shows side-by-side comparison of the correct process versus the incorrect process Online website will host: videos and additional instructional material
Investigating Internet Crimes by
Written by experts on the frontlines, Investigating Internet Crimes provides seasoned and new investigators with the background and tools they need to investigate crime occurring in the online world. This invaluable guide provides step-by-step instructions for investigating Internet crimes, including locating, interpreting, understanding, collecting, and documenting online electronic evidence to benefit investigations. Cybercrime is the fastest growing area of crime as more criminals seek to exploit the speed, convenience and anonymity that the Internet provides to commit a diverse range of criminal activities. Today's online crime includes attacks against computer data and systems, identity theft, distribution of child pornography, penetration of online financial services, using social networks to commit crimes, and the deployment of viruses, botnets, and email scams such as phishing. Symantec's 2012 Norton Cybercrime Report stated that the world spent an estimated $110 billion to combat cybercrime, an average of nearly $200 per victim. Law enforcement agencies and corporate security officers around the world with the responsibility for enforcing, investigating and prosecuting cybercrime are overwhelmed, not only by the sheer number of crimes being committed but by a lack of adequate training material. This book provides that fundamental knowledge, including how to properly collect and document online evidence, trace IP addresses, and work undercover. Provides step-by-step instructions on how to investigate crimes online Covers how new software tools can assist in online investigations Discusses how to track down, interpret, and understand online electronic evidence to benefit investigations Details guidelines for collecting and documenting online evidence that can be presented in court
Investigative Ethics by
"Investigative Ethics: Ethics for Police Detectives and Criminal Investigators presents applied philosophical analyses of the ethical issues that arise for police detectives and other investigators in contemporary society. Explores ethical issues relating to investigative independence, rights of victims and suspects, use of informants, entrapment, privacy and surveillance, undercover operations, deception, and suspect interviewing Represents the first monograph providing a detailed consideration of ethical issues in police investigations Features authorship by an applied philosopher specializing in police ethics, and a former UK senior police officer Combined authorship ensures the text is anchored in actual police practice as well as providing high quality ethical analysis "-- Provided by publisher.
Police Interrogations and False Confessions by 
The Process of Investigation by
The Process of Investigation, Fourth Edition addresses the needs of today's private sector investigative professional by providing a full-spectrum treatment of the investigative process, from case inception and investigative strategy selection to executing complex investigative techniques, to creating reports useful for corporate, legal, and prosecutorial purposes. Continuing in the tradition of its previous editions, The Process of Investigation, Fourth Edition covers essential topics overlooked in books on the public aspects of investigation. Investigative skills such as surveillance techniques, interviewing and interrogation, collecting and documenting evidence, and taking confessions and written statements are all discussed, and supplemented with updated case studies and examples from the authors' own professional experiences. Teaches the fundamentals of the investigative process and serves as a valuable reference tool for both the student and the professional Experienced professionals can brush up on seldom-used specialty skills, and reconsider existing methods and approaches Includes a new chapter on discrimination investigations
Effective Police Management by
Law enforcement is increasingly aware of the need for performance-based management. Results are what count and programs are increasingly required to demonstrate that activities and programs are viable and worthy of budgetary support. This emphasizes the necessity of ensuring that the managerial processes foster accountability. To insure success it is essential that organizational leaders foster and constantly supervise this managerial process. Performance improvement occurs when there is an ongoing process that creates strategic performance objectives, measures performance, collects, analyses, that result in the reporting of performance data that can focus on improved performance. The key chapter in the text is the one entitled accountability inasmuch as it circumscribes the remainder of the concepts discussed and reviews the necessity of creating an accountability environment fostered by positive communications. The key aspects of accountability are discussed and each of the five levels reviewed. Chapters deal with a range of potential evaluation tools to include logic models, crime mapping, program evaluation techniques, and problem solving. Considerable attention is given to performance measurement, the different types of measurement and commonly used measures in law enforcement. There is also a brief discussion of Compstat and its four principles with a special emphasis on relentless follow-up and assessment. Also, attention is given to the utilization of performance information and the research measurements that create process improvements. Within the proactive problem solving process the reader will find topics such as basic questions for the scanning process, objectives, means of defining a problem, environmental surveys and the recognized sequence of analysis. Consideration is given to the discussion of data quality, verification, validation and the range of information sources. Law enforcement professionals, researchers, planners, policymakers, stakeholders at all levels, can use this text as a significant resource in the development of performance-based management that stresses accountability, competence and performance.
A History of Police and Masculinities, 1700-2010 by
This unique collection brings together leading international scholars to explore how ideologies about masculinities have shaped police culture, policy and institutional organization from the eighteenth century to the present day. It addresses an under-researched area of historical inquiry, providing the first in-depth study of how gender ideologies have shaped law enforcement and civic governance under 'old' and 'new' police models, tracing links, continuities, and changes between them. The book opens up scholarly understanding of the ways in which policing reflected, sustained, embodied and enforced ideas of masculinities in historic and modern contexts, as well as how conceptions of masculinities were, and continue to be, interpreted through representations of the police in various forms of print and popular culture. The research covers the UK, Europe, Australia and America and explores police typologies in different international and institutional contexts, using varied approaches, sources and interpretive frameworks drawn from historical and criminological traditions. This book will be essential reading for academics, students and those in interested in gender, culture, police and criminal justice history as well as police practitioners.
International Police Cooperation by
The globalization of threats and the complexity of international security issues represents a greater challenge for international policing in (re)shaping inter-agency interaction, and makes effective international police cooperation more necessary than ever before. This book sets out to analyse the key emerging issues and theory and practice of international police cooperation. Paying special attention to the factors that have contributed to the effective working of police cooperation in practice and the problems that are encountered, this book brings together original research that examines opportunities and initiatives undertaken by agencies (practices and processes introduced) as well as the impact of external legal, political, and economical pressures. Contributors explore emerging initiatives and new challenges in several contexts at both national and international levels. They adopt a diversity of approaches and theoretical frameworks to reach a broader understanding of current and future issues in police cooperation. Forms of police cooperation and trends in crime control are examined, drawing upon the following disciplines: criminology, ethics, organizational science, political science, and sociology.
Law Enforcement and Crime by
This book provides an overview of current analyses and developments pertaining to the law enforcement and crime. Chapter one analyzes individual elements of the polygraph examination in pre-employment cases in law enforcement agencies, and attempts to answer the following questions: How are existing standards “scientific”? What should be done to raise the level of quality control in this kind of examinations? Chapter two studies the use of insects as evidence and as a forensic indicator in law enforcement technology. Chapter three explores a public health approach to preventing child fatalities. Chapter four discusses the prospects of the use of prison informers. Chapter five studies the homicide rates in the U.S. and their correlation with other publicly available data applying this nonstandard visualization technique; and a comparison of homicide rates in the U.S. to that of different Latin American countries is shown. The last chapter is an attempt to show that violence in American popular culture can be justified, and may even serve the story. The chapter will focus on depicting concrete scenes from Paul Verhoeven‘s 1987 film Robocop to prove that apart from showing violence, they actually raise important sociological and psychological matters.
Police: Global Perceptions, Performance and Ethical Challenges by
This book provides new research on police. Chapter One examines if newspaper reporting of crime in a given jurisdiction affects the levels of racial bias in the local police's traffic stop behavior. Chapter Two presents contemporary expectations of physical fitness in law enforcement. Chapter Three reviews the applications of predictive analytics for crime prevention.
Police Culture: Themes and Concepts by
Police culture has for over half a century attracted interest from academics, students, policy-makers, police institutions and the general public. However, the literature of this area has proven to be diverse, sprawling and prone to contradiction which has led to an enthralling yet intricate body of knowledge that, whilst continuing to provoke interest and debate, has largely escaped any wider commentary. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the area of police culture primarily by situating it in the context of the literature of organisational culture. From this starting point, the idea of police culture is developed as an occupationally-situated response to the uniqueness of the police role and one in which our understanding is, at times, hindered by the challenges of definitional, operational and analytical concerns. The book then charts the development of our understanding of the concept, through traditional explanations to the contemporary, highlighting in turn the tensions that exist between the elements of continuity in the police world and those of change. Police culture: themes and concepts draws on research from the 1950s to the 21st century from the UK, USA and elsewhere to show how the historical trajectory of police work from its early origins through to the late modern present have imbued it with a complexity that is undermined by deterministic explanations that seek to simplify the social world of the police officer. This book will be of interest to academics and students studying the sociology of policing as well as criminology.
Police Management: Professional Integrity in Policing by
The prevalence of police deviance is a much-debated statistic and one that is often rife with problems. While some researchers suggest that corruption is endemic to police culture across the globe, others argue that incidents are rare. Despite such statistical problems, incidents of police deviance do surface from time to time all over the world. Some examples in the UK involve suppression of evidence, beating of suspects, tampering with confidential evidence and perjury.This book addresses these issues and gives the reader insight into the dynamics of police enforcement.
Police Without Borders by
"Policing Without Borders: The Fading Distinction between Local and Global emphasizes the rising need for a cohesive international policing community. As crimes become more transnational in scope, the need for systematic communication between national police agencies becomes increasingly apparent. Various methods of collaboration need to address ways to institute global police communication. The chapters of this book focus on the theme of how local and global police practitioners and researchers can better collaborate on the mission of viewing policing with a global focus"-- Provided by publisher.
Police Work: Principles and Practice by
This book provides a highly readable account of police work. It builds upon Introduction to Police Work (Rogers and Lewis 2007) to provide a comprehensive, in depth and critical understanding of policing in today's diverse society. Police Work: Principles and Practice meets the need for an increasingly sophisticated and professional approach to training within the police, whether this is carried out within police forces themselves or within higher education institutions. Written in an accessible style by current and former police practitioners and a nationally recognized expert on the National Intelligence Model, this book focuses - in line with the government's agenda for workforce modernization - on three key areas of policing: community, investigation and intelligence. It introduces readers to many important areas through the use of definition boxes, scenario boxes highlighting good practice, points to note boxes, flowcharts and diagrams as well as a wide range of questions and exercises to help apply their knowledge to different situations and scenarios. This book will be essential reading for those on probationer training programmes and a valuable resource for students taking courses in policing and criminology more generally where an advanced level of understanding of the nature of police work is required.
Policing by
This book discusses strategies, management and potential risks of policing. Chapter One describes and examines the ‘Policing Excellence'and ‘Prevention First'programs, and will discuss their successes and challenges since their introduction in 2009 in New Zealand. Chapter Two analyzes the action of the Military Police of Minas Gerais (PMMG) during the World Cup protests carried out in 2013 and 2014 in the state capital Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Chapter Three examines the emerging problem of cyber terrorism. It x-rays the concept of cyber terrorism as well as the tenor of existing scholarship on how to police it; and discusses the scope and ramifications of the problem and proposes a model for effectively policing Africa's terror-genic cyberspace
Gay and Lesbian Cops by
Roddrick Colvin assesses the impact of lesbian and gay police officers on law enforcement in the US and the UK, as well as the policies that enable a diverse work environment.Colvin tracks the evolution of police agencies toward being more'gay friendly'both as employers and as service providers. He also provides insights into the day-to-day barriers and opportunities that lesbian and gay officers experience working within organizations that traditionally have been hostile to them. Integrating quantitative and qualitative research, he offers a compelling demonstration that police agencies can best fulfill their missions when they are representative of the communities they serve.
Hunting for 'Dirtbags' by
This ethnographic study, which includes participant observation research and in-depth interviews with police officers in a major California city and a large East Coast city, explores how police officers use their discretionary time on the job--and the consequences. Providing highly textured insights into police discretion, the authors show that America's "tough on crime" approach to justice has too often proved to be a smoke screen for controlling people deemed undesirable, rather than a genuinely effective strategy for reducing crime.Hardcover is un-jacketed.
Latino Police Officers in the United States by
Considering the long-lasting and complicated history of U.S. race and ethnic relations, the multiple array of issues currently confronting both ethnic and racial communities, and the shifting trends in the ethnic/racial landscape, this book seeks to provide a comprehensive account of the simultaneous interaction of pressing historical and contemporary forces shaping the Latino experience as well as police-minority relations to better understand the current state of policing and gain further insight into the future role of Latino police in American law enforcement across the country. Delineating the confines of policing a highly diverse and multicultural society in the twenty-first century, this book conjoins historical, theoretical, and empirical research–placing Latino policing within a broader law enforcement and community context. Major topics include the need for Latino police officers; employment of Latino officers by federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies; Chicano police officers working in the Latino community; Latino officers, policy, practice, and ethnic realities; Mexican American law enforcement; bridging the gaps, future research, and change in American institutions; policy recommendations toward a new police force; and the future of Latino officers in the American police. Additional issues highlighted include racial/ethnic profiling, police brutality, underpolicing, and overpolicing which challenge the quest for representation, equality, justice, and due process. Finally, the contributing authors demonstrate that the lack of knowledge on Latino police and the overall American police is not inevitable, and thus the book concludes with policy and research recommendations to help bridge this long-neglected void; ultimately, the creation of a new police force for the twenty-first century. The text represents a most timely and essential tool for all levels of policing, law enforcement administrators, criminal justice educators, civic managers, criminologists, sociologists, and others vested in police reform.
Police, Power, and the Production of Racial Boundaries by
Based on five years of ethnography, archival research, census data analysis, and interviews, Police, Power, and the Production of Racial Boundaries reveals how the LAPD, city prosecutors, and business owners struggled to control who should be considered "dangerous" and how they should be policed in Los Angeles. Sociologist Ana Muñiz shows how these influential groups used policies and everyday procedures to criminalize behaviors commonly associated with blacks and Latinos and to promote an exceedingly aggressive form of policing. Muñiz illuminates the degree to which the definitions of "gangs" and "deviants" are politically constructed labels born of public policy and court decisions, offering an innovative look at the process of criminalization and underscoring the ways in which a politically powerful coalition can define deviant behavior. As she does so, Muñiz also highlights the various grassroots challenges to such policies and the efforts to call attention to their racist effects. Muñiz describes the fight over two very different methods of policing: community policing (in which the police and the community work together) and the "broken windows" or "zero tolerance" approach (which aggressively polices minor infractions--such as loitering--to deter more serious crime). Police, Power, and the Production of Racial Boundaries also explores the history of the area to explain how Cadillac-Corning became viewed by outsiders as a "violent neighborhood" and how the city's first gang injunction--a restraining order aimed at alleged gang members--solidified this negative image. As a result, Muñiz shows, Cadillac-Corning and other sections became a test site for repressive practices that eventually spread to the rest of the city.
Policing Diversity by
Lai extends the current knowledge of public attitudes toward the police (ATP) by examining two distinct dimensions: general and specific attitudes. The significant findings indicated that African Americans consistently reported unfavorable ATP across two dimensions, but the Hispanics did not have any significant influence. While ratings of police work were highly related to public ATP, victimization and violent crime incidents decreased the levels of public rating among all respondents. Meanwhile, coproduction increased the levels of public ATP. Finally, both citizen-initiated and police-initiated interactions had significant influence on public ATP but varied among racial/ethnical groups. Policy implications and limitations were addressed.
Accountability by Camera by
Online video can bypass police jurisdictional influence over traditional mass media and may be affecting police-civilian interactions in American public space as the initial cusp of a paradigm shift. Where a camera may have videorecorded police actions, exclusive police custody of that camera or its recording correlates with the video being lost, destroyed, reported as nonexistent, or concealed from the public. Where police destroy, falsify, fail to file, or omit data from required documentation, online video correlates with improved accountability through police disciplinary actions. Online video correlates with significantly higher civil suit settlements for police misconduct.
The Complexities of Police Corruption by
The Complexities of Police Corruption provides a comprehensive examination of the role of gender as it relates to police corruption, crime control, and policing as an institution. Author Marilyn Corsianos examines different forms of corruption, including some behaviors that are generally not recognized as corruption by police departments, such as selective law enforcement, racial profiling, gender bias and other discriminatory police practices against marginalized populations.. The book also explores the role of police culture in preserving and defending misconduct and digs into the thorny question of why significantly fewer women are involved in police corruption. Throughout the book, excerpts from interviews with 32 former police offers illustrate the complex ways that gender construction is connected to police corruption and shows how policing as an institution creates corruption risks. The Complexities of Police Corruption is a challenging and insightful book about the intersections between gender and corruption.
Decision Point: Real-life Ethical Dilemmas in Law Enforcement by 
Essential Rules of Behaviour for Police in Armed Conflict, Disturbance and Tension by
The primary focus of this book is the laws of war, also referred to as the international law of armed conflict and international humanitarian law. There are two aspects to the laws of war, jus ad bellum, the rules governing resort to armed conflict, and jus in bello, the rules governing the conduct of armed conflict. The purpose of the book is to inform police officials about the latter. It is also written for other State officials, including the military, who may carry out police operations, educators and trainers of police and those who monitor or investigate police or otherwise seek to hold them accountable. In addition to considering rules of behaviour in actual armed conflict, the book focuses on police conduct in those forms of conflict that fall below the armed conflict threshold, that is to say situations of internal disturbance and tension. Whilst the laws of war are not legally applicable in such situations, it is argued here that some of its principles and provisions should form an important element in the strategy and tactics of policing civil disturbances, especially when they are serious in terms of scale or intensity of violence.
Peer Reporting of Unethical Police Behavior by
Kargin examines police officers’ decision making with regard to peer reporting of unethical police behavior. On a theoretical level, a peer reporting model was developed based on Rest’s (1984) “four component,” Trevino’s (1986) “a person-situation interactionist,” and, finally, Jones’ (1991) “issue-contingent” models of ethical decision making for investigation of police officers’ peer reporting decisions. The results suggest that the perceived seriousness of the unethical behavior is the strongest predictor of police officers’ peer reporting in minor and moderate policy violations. However, officers’ attitudes toward professional ethics codes are the strongest predictors of their peer reporting intentions in situations involving major policy violations.
Police Deviance and Criminality: Managing Integrity and Accountability by
Leadership and culture are important elements in policing. Police leaders often work within a police culture steeped with traditions. The purpose of this book is to describe and critically evaluate leadership roles and professional culture in the police, focusing upon integrity and accountability in policing. This book is aimed at executive courses for police officers in police university colleges all over the world. In addition, practicing police managers will find it useful. Persons working in police oversight organizations such as independent police complaint commissions will find it very useful. Generally, criminology students as well as police science students will find it useful in criminology courses and law enforcement courses.
Shooting to Kill by
Terrorism, the use of military force in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria, and the fatal police shootings of unarmed persons have all contributed to renewed interest in the ethics of police and military use of lethal force. In this book the various moral justifications and responsibilities involved in the use of lethal force by police and military combatants are analyzed, relying on a distinctive normative teleological account of institutional roles. The resulting conception provides a novel theoretical alternative to prevailing reductive individualist and collectivist accounts. Police and military uses of lethal force are morally justified in part by recourse to fundamental natural moral rights and obligations, especially the right to personal self-defense and the moral obligation to defend the lives of innocent others. Yet the moral justification for police and military use of lethal force is to some extent role-specific. Police have an institutionally based moral duty to use lethal force to uphold the law, and military combatants have an institutionally based moral duty to use lethal force to win just wars. Two key notions in play are joint action and the natural right to self-defense. A relational individualist theory of joint actions is used to construct the notion of multilayered structures of joint action in order to explicate organizational action. A novel theory of justifiable killing in self-defense is also provided. Specific topics covered include: police shootings of armed offenders and suicide bombers; military necessity; targeted killing, autonomous weapons, humanitarian armed intervention, and civilian immunity.
Cop Watch: Spectators, Social Media, and Police Reform by 
High-Priority Information Technology Needs for Law Enforcement by
This study reports on strategic planning activities supporting the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) in the area of information technology, collecting and analyzing data on law enforcement needs and identifying potential solutions through technology assessment studies, extensive outreach and liaison activities, and subject matter expert panels.
Police Custody: Governance, Legitimacy and Reform in the Criminal Justice Process by
Police custody acts as an important gateway to the criminal justice process. Much is at stake here for both staff and suspects as what happens in police custody can have important consequences further down the line. This book offers a timely contribution to research on police custody, which has been largely neglected for the last decade, and it is the first to examine the growing role given to civilians employed by the police or by private security companies within police custody areas. The book draws on a mixed-method study of two custody areas, one publicly-run, and the other largely privately-run. This empirical analysis explores anew suspects' experiences of police custody from arrest to charge, including their access to due process rights such as phone calls, legal advice and detention reviews, as well as shedding light on the hitherto unexplored working relationships between the police, civilian police staff (public and private), legal advisers, doctors, appropriate adults and drug workers. These findings on the police custody process are used to examine pertinent socio-legal and theoretical matters connected to due process, the role of the police in policing, as well as procedural justice and legitimacy. The book integrates issues which are topical and of utmost empirical, theoretical and political significance, meaning that it is likely to have a broad appeal to students, academics, practitioners and policy-makers with an interest in the criminal justice process, policing and the sociology of law.
Police Use of Excessive Force in Disorganized Neighborhoods by
Hays examines how residents of socially disorganized neighborhoods become the victims of both criminals and rogue police officers. Following from theories of social disorganization and collective efficacy, Hays proposes a new theory for predicting police use of force. He argues that as neighborhood poverty, racial/ethnic differences, and residential mobility increase, it becomes more difficult for residents to know each other, to trust each other, and to help each other defend their neighborhoods from criminals and from rogue police officers. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, he finds that residents of disorganized neighborhoods are doubly-victimized – both by the criminals who work their neighborhoods and the police who are supposed to protect them.
Police Use of Force: Important Issues Facing the Police and the Communities They Serve by
Police use of force has been a major concern for police departments and citizens in the United States since the 1840s when police started carrying guns. Dr. Palmiotto presents the most important issues facing the police and the communities they serve in encounters that turn violent. It starts with a thorough historical introduction, covers use of force, deadly force, non-lethal weapons, militarization of policing, racism and profiling, legal cases, psychology, perception and training, and prevention. Case studies of famous cases including Rodney King and the Ferguson shooting are presented.
Twentieth-Century Influences on Twenty-First-Century Policing by
Events in the United States during the 1950s, '60s, and '70s created tectonic shifts in how the police operated. This was especially true in terms of their relationship with society. These events included, among others: the due process revolution, which guided how police were to do their job; social science research that called into question that efficacy of the professional policing model; and race riots against police activity, which were the result of poor police-minority community relations. This book outlines these (and other) changes, explores their implications for the relationship between society and the police, and suggests that a knowledge of these changes is imperative to understanding trends in contemporary policing as well as the direction policing needs to take. As policing becomes more technologically savvy and scientific in its approach to fighting crime (for example, the SMART Policing Initiative, COMPSTAT, and problem oriented approaches such as Project Safe Neighborhoods) in a time when governments are faced with austerity, it is important to reconsider how policing got to the point it is so that, as police and governments move forward, constitutional guarantees are protected, communication with citizens remains viable and salient, and crime prevention becomes an empirical reality rather than a pipe-dream.
Visions of Law Enforcement Technology in the Period, 2024-2034 by
"This report describes the results of the Law Enforcement Futuring Workshop, which was held at RAND's Washington Office in Arlington, Virginia, from July 22 to 25, 2014. The objective of this workshop was to identify high-priority technology needs for law enforcement based on consideration of current and future trends in society, technology, and law enforcement over a ten- to 20-year time period. During the workshop, participants developed sets of future scenarios, constructed pathways from the present to alternative futures, and considered how law enforcement use of technology might affect these pathways. They then identified technology needs (including training and changes in policies or practice) that, if addressed, could enable pathways to desirable futures or prevent or mitigate the effects of pathways to undesirable futures. On the final days of the workshop, the technology needs were prioritized using a Delphi method. The output of this workshop described in the report included ten future scenarios and 30 technology needs. The technology needs fell into three general categories--technology-related knowledge and practice, information sharing and use, and technology research and development--and were placed into three priority tiers"--Back cover.
Police Use of Force: Important Issues Facing the Police and the Communities They Serve by
Police use of force has been a major concern for police departments and citizens in the United States since the 1840s when police started carrying guns. Dr. Palmiotto presents the most important issues facing the police and the communities they serve in encounters that turn violent. It starts with a thorough historical introduction, covers use of force, deadly force, non-lethal weapons, militarization of policing, racism and profiling, legal cases, psychology, perception and training, and prevention. Case studies of famous cases including Rodney King and the Ferguson shooting are presented.